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- <text id=93CT1613>
- <title>
- Bhutan--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- South Asia
- Bhutan
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Bhutan's early history is obscure. The country may have been
- inhabited as early as 2,000 B.C., but not much is known about
- it until Tantric Buddhism was introduced in the 8th century A.D.
- The country's political history is intimately tied to its
- religious history and relations among the various monastic
- schools and monasteries.
- </p>
- <p> The consolidation of Bhutan began 300 years ago. Ngawang
- Namgyal, a lama from Tibet, defeated three Tibetan invasions,
- subjugated rival religious schools, codified an intricate and
- comprehensive system of laws, and established himself as ruler
- (shabdung) over a system of ecclesiastical and civil
- administrators. After his death civil strife broke out, which,
- over the next 200 years, eroded shabdungs' power to the
- advantage of regional governors and local leaders. In 1885, the
- central authority recruited Chinese aid to crush the most
- powerful governors. This move was countered by a local Tongsa
- leader, Ugyen Wangchuck, who arranged for a British presence in
- the area. In 1907, after the shabdung's death, Ugyen became
- Bhutan's first hereditary king.
- </p>
- <p> In 1910, King Ugyen and the British signed the Treaty of
- Punakha, which provided that British India would not interfere
- in the internal affairs of Bhutan if the country accepted
- British advice in its external relations. Similar provisions
- were included in the 1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty signed with
- independent India.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Traditionally a decentralized theocracy, and since 1907 a
- monarchy, Bhutan is moving gradually toward representative
- government. The Tshogdu (National Assembly) is composed of not
- more than 150 members: 105 village elders or family heads, 12
- representatives of regional monastic bodies, and 33 senior
- government administrators appointed by the king. Members are
- elected for 3-year terms. Any Bhutanese over 25 years of age can
- stand for election to the assembly.
- </p>
- <p> The late King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, who reigned from 1952
- to 1972, guided his country toward constitutional monarchy and
- helped modernize public administration. He established the
- assembly in 1953, the Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde) in
- 1965, and the Council of Ministers in 1968. The Lodoi Tsokde is
- responsible for advising the king and government ministers on
- important questions and for supervising the implementation of
- programs and policies legislated by the Tshogdu. It consists of
- a chairman appointed by the king, five representatives of the
- people, two of the monastic hierarchy, two southern Bhutanese
- representatives, and a women's representative. The Council of
- Ministers, composed of the ministers (lyonpos) of the government
- departments, is charged with implementing policy.
- </p>
- <p> The present monarch, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, took the throne
- in 1972 and pledged to continue his father's progressive
- policies. Under Jigme Dorji the king was subject to a vote of
- confidence every 3 years, but this practice was dropped by Jigme
- Singye. Heads of government departments, however, are required
- to subject themselves and their policies to the scrutiny of the
- Tshogdu at least once a year.
- </p>
- <p> The spiritual head of Bhutan, the Je Khempo-the only person
- besides the king who wears the saffron scarf an honor denoting
- his authority over all religious institutions-is nominated by
- monastic leaders and appointed by the king. The monastic order
- is involved in government at many levels.
- </p>
- <p> No political parties function within the Bhutanese
- governmental structure. Bhutan is divided into 18 districts,
- each headed by a district officer (dzongdad) appointed by the
- king. Each district is divided into subdistricts headed by an
- officer called a ramjam, who is assisted by a number of village
- leaders. Each leader (gup) controls several villages and is
- elected for 3 years by the villagers, who cast one vote per
- family. The gup convenes village meetings to discuss local
- issues.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- May 1990.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-